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Quick summary:
As has already been stated, communication between devices on the same VLAN (or layer-2 segment) does not cross a router but only the switch(es) in between the devices.
Depending on the switches' capabilities, there are several methods to control traffic within a VLAN.
VLAN-based ACLs: packets are filtered when entering a certain VLAN from a port or by layer-3 switching
port-based ACLs: packets are filtered when they are received on a certain port
port-based filtering: packet flows are limited to certain ingress/egress port combinations
ACLs work by permiting or denying certain source/destination IPs, or TCP or UDP ports. E.g. you can permit all devices within the 10.1.2.0/24 to communicate with a server at 10.1.2.10 while denying all other inter-VLAN traffic:
1000 permit ip 10.1.2.0/24 10.1.2.10/32
1010 permit ip 10.1.2.10/32 10.1.2.0/24
1010 deny ip 10.1.2.0/24 10.1.2.0/24
9999 permit ip any any
Port-based filtering works by limiting the client ports to communication with the server and router ports and filtering all else. This is sometimes also called protected ports or source-port filtering where these ports are not allowed to communicate with each other. Port-based filtering doesn't work well across up and downlinks as they cannot distinguish between wanted server and unwanted peer traffic across multiple switches.
3-useful-links
https://blog.alexis.lc/docker-macvlan-network-synology
https://gist.github.com/xirixiz/ecad37bac9a07c2a1204ab4f9a17db3c
https://community.synology.com/enu/forum/1/post/120118
https://techoverflow.net/2022/03/27/a-working-traefik-docker-compose-minio-setup-with-console/
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/69385638/minio-install-behind-traefik
https://www.ipaddressguide.com/cidr